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ZPOOL(8) System Manager's Manual ZPOOL(8)

zpool — configure ZFS storage pools

zpool -?V

zpool version [-j]

zpool subcommand [arguments]

The zpool command configures ZFS storage pools. A storage pool is a collection of devices that provides physical storage and data replication for ZFS datasets. All datasets within a storage pool share the same space. See zfs(8) for information on managing datasets.

For an overview of creating and managing ZFS storage pools see the zpoolconcepts(7) manual page.

All subcommands that modify state are logged persistently to the pool in their original form.

The zpool command provides subcommands to create and destroy storage pools, add capacity to storage pools, and provide information about the storage pools. The following subcommands are supported:

zpool -?
Displays a help message.
zpool -V, --version
 
zpool version [-j]
Displays the software version of the zpool userland utility and the ZFS kernel module. Use -j option to output in JSON format.

zpool-create(8)
Creates a new storage pool containing the virtual devices specified on the command line.
zpool-initialize(8)
Begins initializing by writing to all unallocated regions on the specified devices, or all eligible devices in the pool if no individual devices are specified.

zpool-destroy(8)
Destroys the given pool, freeing up any devices for other use.
zpool-labelclear(8)
Removes ZFS label information from the specified device.

zpool-attach(8)/zpool-detach(8)
Converts a non-redundant disk into a mirror, or increases the redundancy level of an existing mirror (attach), or performs the inverse operation (detach).
zpool-add(8)/zpool-remove(8)
Adds the specified virtual devices to the given pool, or removes the specified device from the pool.
zpool-replace(8)
Replaces an existing device (which may be faulted) with a new one.
zpool-split(8)
Creates a new pool by splitting all mirrors in an existing pool (which decreases its redundancy).

Available pool properties listed in the zpoolprops(7) manual page.

zpool-list(8)
Lists the given pools along with a health status and space usage.
zpool-get(8)/zpool-set(8)
Retrieves the given list of properties (or all properties if is used) for the specified storage pool(s).

zpool-status(8)
Displays the detailed health status for the given pools.
zpool-iostat(8)
Displays logical I/O statistics for the given pools/vdevs. Physical I/O operations may be observed via iostat(1).
zpool-events(8)
Lists all recent events generated by the ZFS kernel modules. These events are consumed by the zed(8) and used to automate administrative tasks such as replacing a failed device with a hot spare. That manual page also describes the subclasses and event payloads that can be generated.
zpool-history(8)
Displays the command history of the specified pool(s) or all pools if no pool is specified.

zpool-prefetch(8)
Prefetches specific types of pool data.
zpool-scrub(8)
Begins a scrub or resumes a paused scrub.
zpool-checkpoint(8)
Checkpoints the current state of pool, which can be later restored by zpool import --rewind-to-checkpoint.
zpool-trim(8)
Initiates an immediate on-demand TRIM operation for all of the free space in a pool. This operation informs the underlying storage devices of all blocks in the pool which are no longer allocated and allows thinly provisioned devices to reclaim the space.
zpool-sync(8)
This command forces all in-core dirty data to be written to the primary pool storage and not the ZIL. It will also update administrative information including quota reporting. Without arguments, zpool sync will sync all pools on the system. Otherwise, it will sync only the specified pool(s).
zpool-upgrade(8)
Manage the on-disk format version of storage pools.
zpool-wait(8)
Waits until all background activity of the given types has ceased in the given pool.

zpool-offline(8)/zpool-online(8)
Takes the specified physical device offline or brings it online.
zpool-resilver(8)
Starts a resilver. If an existing resilver is already running it will be restarted from the beginning.
zpool-reopen(8)
Reopen all the vdevs associated with the pool.
zpool-clear(8)
Clears device errors in a pool.

zpool-import(8)
Make disks containing ZFS storage pools available for use on the system.
zpool-export(8)
Exports the given pools from the system.
zpool-reguid(8)
Generates a new unique identifier for the pool.

The following exit values are returned:

Successful completion.
An error occurred.
Invalid command line options were specified.

The following command creates a pool with a single raidz root vdev that consists of six disks:

# zpool create tank sda sdb sdc sdd sde sdf

The following command creates a pool with two mirrors, where each mirror contains two disks:

# zpool create tank mirror sda sdb mirror sdc sdd

The following command creates a non-redundant pool using two disk partitions:

# zpool create tank sda1 sdb2

The following command creates a non-redundant pool using files. While not recommended, a pool based on files can be useful for experimental purposes.

# zpool create tank /path/to/file/a /path/to/file/b

The following command converts an existing single device sda into a mirror by attaching a second device to it, sdb.

# zpool attach tank sda sdb

The following command adds two mirrored disks to the pool tank, assuming the pool is already made up of two-way mirrors. The additional space is immediately available to any datasets within the pool.

# zpool add tank mirror sda sdb

The following command lists all available pools on the system. In this case, the pool zion is faulted due to a missing device. The results from this command are similar to the following:

# zpool list
NAME    SIZE  ALLOC   FREE  EXPANDSZ   FRAG    CAP  DEDUP  HEALTH  ALTROOT
rpool  19.9G  8.43G  11.4G         -    33%    42%  1.00x  ONLINE  -
tank   61.5G  20.0G  41.5G         -    48%    32%  1.00x  ONLINE  -
zion       -      -      -         -      -      -      -  FAULTED -

The following command destroys the pool tank and any datasets contained within:

# zpool destroy -f tank

The following command exports the devices in pool tank so that they can be relocated or later imported:

# zpool export tank

The following command displays available pools, and then imports the pool tank for use on the system. The results from this command are similar to the following:

# zpool import
  pool: tank
    id: 15451357997522795478
 state: ONLINE
action: The pool can be imported using its name or numeric identifier.
config:

        tank        ONLINE
          mirror    ONLINE
            sda     ONLINE
            sdb     ONLINE

# zpool import tank

The following command upgrades all ZFS Storage pools to the current version of the software:

# zpool upgrade -a
This system is currently running ZFS version 2.

The following command creates a new pool with an available hot spare:

# zpool create tank mirror sda sdb sdc

If one of the disks were to fail, the pool would be reduced to the degraded state. The failed device can be replaced using the following command:

# zpool replace tank sda sdd

Once the data has been resilvered, the spare is automatically removed and is made available for use should another device fail. The hot spare can be permanently removed from the pool using the following command:

# zpool remove tank sdc

The following command creates a ZFS storage pool consisting of two, two-way mirrors and mirrored log devices:

# zpool create pool mirror sda sdb mirror sdc sdd sde sdf

The following command adds two disks for use as cache devices to a ZFS storage pool:

# zpool add pool sdc sdd

Once added, the cache devices gradually fill with content from main memory. Depending on the size of your cache devices, it could take over an hour for them to fill. Capacity and reads can be monitored using the iostat subcommand as follows:

# zpool iostat -v pool 5

The following commands remove the mirrored log device and mirrored top-level data device .

Given this configuration:

  pool: tank
 state: ONLINE
 scrub: none requested
config:

         NAME        STATE     READ WRITE CKSUM
         tank        ONLINE       0     0     0
           mirror-0  ONLINE       0     0     0
             sda     ONLINE       0     0     0
             sdb     ONLINE       0     0     0
           mirror-1  ONLINE       0     0     0
             sdc     ONLINE       0     0     0
             sdd     ONLINE       0     0     0
         logs
           mirror-2  ONLINE       0     0     0
             sde     ONLINE       0     0     0
             sdf     ONLINE       0     0     0

The command to remove the mirrored log mirror-2 is:

# zpool remove tank mirror-2

At this point, the log device no longer exists (both sides of the mirror have been removed):

  pool: tank
 state: ONLINE
  scan: none requested
config:

        NAME        STATE     READ WRITE CKSUM
        tank        ONLINE       0     0     0
          mirror-0  ONLINE       0     0     0
            sda     ONLINE       0     0     0
            sdb     ONLINE       0     0     0
          mirror-1  ONLINE       0     0     0
            sdc     ONLINE       0     0     0
            sdd     ONLINE       0     0     0

The command to remove the mirrored data mirror-1 is:

# zpool remove tank mirror-1

After mirror-1 has been evacuated, the pool remains redundant, but the total amount of space is reduced:

  pool: tank
 state: ONLINE
  scan: none requested
config:

        NAME        STATE     READ WRITE CKSUM
        tank        ONLINE       0     0     0
          mirror-0  ONLINE       0     0     0
            sda     ONLINE       0     0     0
            sdb     ONLINE       0     0     0

The following command displays the detailed information for the pool data. This pool is comprised of a single raidz vdev where one of its devices increased its capacity by 10 GiB. In this example, the pool will not be able to utilize this extra capacity until all the devices under the raidz vdev have been expanded.

# zpool list -v data
NAME         SIZE  ALLOC   FREE  EXPANDSZ   FRAG    CAP  DEDUP  HEALTH  ALTROOT
data        23.9G  14.6G  9.30G         -    48%    61%  1.00x  ONLINE  -
  raidz1    23.9G  14.6G  9.30G         -    48%
    sda         -      -      -         -      -
    sdb         -      -      -       10G      -
    sdc         -      -      -         -      -

Additional columns can be added to the zpool status and zpool iostat output with -c.

# zpool status -c vendor,model,size
   NAME     STATE  READ WRITE CKSUM vendor  model        size
   tank     ONLINE 0    0     0
   mirror-0 ONLINE 0    0     0
   U1       ONLINE 0    0     0     SEAGATE ST8000NM0075 7.3T
   U10      ONLINE 0    0     0     SEAGATE ST8000NM0075 7.3T
   U11      ONLINE 0    0     0     SEAGATE ST8000NM0075 7.3T
   U12      ONLINE 0    0     0     SEAGATE ST8000NM0075 7.3T
   U13      ONLINE 0    0     0     SEAGATE ST8000NM0075 7.3T
   U14      ONLINE 0    0     0     SEAGATE ST8000NM0075 7.3T

# zpool iostat -vc size
              capacity     operations     bandwidth
pool        alloc   free   read  write   read  write  size
----------  -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  ----
rpool       14.6G  54.9G      4     55   250K  2.69M
  sda1      14.6G  54.9G      4     55   250K  2.69M   70G
----------  -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  -----  ----

Cause zpool to dump core on exit for the purposes of running .
Use ANSI color in zpool status and zpool iostat output.
Automatically attempt to turn on the drives enclosure slot power to a drive when running the zpool online or zpool clear commands. This has the same effect as passing the --power option to those commands.
The maximum time in milliseconds to wait for a slot power sysfs value to return the correct value after writing it. For example, after writing "on" to the sysfs enclosure slot power_control file, it can take some time for the enclosure to power down the slot and return "on" if you read back the 'power_control' value. Defaults to 30 seconds (30000ms) if not set.
The search path for devices or files to use with the pool. This is a colon-separated list of directories in which zpool looks for device nodes and files. Similar to the -d option in zpool import.
The maximum time in milliseconds that zpool import will wait for an expected device to be available.
If set, suppress warning about non-native vdev ashift in zpool status. The value is not used, only the presence or absence of the variable matters.
Cause zpool subcommands to output vdev GUIDs by default. This behavior is identical to the zpool status -g command line option.
Cause zpool subcommands to follow links for vdev names by default. This behavior is identical to the zpool status -L command line option.
Cause zpool subcommands to output full vdev path names by default. This behavior is identical to the zpool status -P command line option.
Older OpenZFS implementations had issues when attempting to display pool config vdev names if a devid NVP value is present in the pool's config.

For example, a pool that originated on illumos platform would have a devid value in the config and zpool status would fail when listing the config. This would also be true for future Linux-based pools.

A pool can be stripped of any devid values on import or prevented from adding them on zpool create or zpool add by setting ZFS_VDEV_DEVID_OPT_OUT.

Allow a privileged user to run zpool status/iostat -c. Normally, only unprivileged users are allowed to run -c.
The search path for scripts when running zpool status/iostat -c. This is a colon-separated list of directories and overrides the default ~/.zpool.d and /etc/zfs/zpool.d search paths.
Allow a user to run zpool status/iostat -c. If ZPOOL_SCRIPTS_ENABLED is not set, it is assumed that the user is allowed to run zpool status/iostat -c.
Time, in seconds, to wait for /dev/zfs to appear. Defaults to , max (10 minutes). If <0, wait forever; if 0, don't wait.

zfs(4), zpool-features(7), zpoolconcepts(7), zpoolprops(7), zed(8), zfs(8), zpool-add(8), zpool-attach(8), zpool-checkpoint(8), zpool-clear(8), zpool-create(8), zpool-ddtprune(8), zpool-destroy(8), zpool-detach(8), zpool-events(8), zpool-export(8), zpool-get(8), zpool-history(8), zpool-import(8), zpool-initialize(8), zpool-iostat(8), zpool-labelclear(8), zpool-list(8), zpool-offline(8), zpool-online(8), zpool-prefetch(8), zpool-reguid(8), zpool-remove(8), zpool-reopen(8), zpool-replace(8), zpool-resilver(8), zpool-scrub(8), zpool-set(8), zpool-split(8), zpool-status(8), zpool-sync(8), zpool-trim(8), zpool-upgrade(8), zpool-wait(8)

February 14, 2024 OpenZFS