| NFS(5) | File Formats Manual | NFS(5) |
nfs - fstab format and options for the nfs file systems
/etc/fstab
NFS is an Internet Standard protocol created by Sun Microsystems in 1984. NFS was developed to allow file sharing between systems residing on a local area network. Depending on kernel configuration, the Linux NFS client may support NFS versions 3, 4.0, 4.1, or 4.2.
The mount(8) command attaches a file system to the system's name space hierarchy at a given mount point. The /etc/fstab file describes how mount(8) should assemble a system's file name hierarchy from various independent file systems (including file systems exported by NFS servers). Each line in the /etc/fstab file describes a single file system, its mount point, and a set of default mount options for that mount point.
For NFS file system mounts, a line in the /etc/fstab file specifies the server name, the path name of the exported server directory to mount, the local directory that is the mount point, the type of file system that is being mounted, and a list of mount options that control the way the filesystem is mounted and how the NFS client behaves when accessing files on this mount point. The fifth and sixth fields on each line are not used by NFS, thus conventionally each contain the digit zero. For example:
server:path /mountpoint fstype option,option,... 0 0
The server's hostname and export pathname are separated by a colon, while the mount options are separated by commas. The remaining fields are separated by blanks or tabs.
The server's hostname can be an unqualified hostname, a fully qualified domain name, a dotted quad IPv4 address, or an IPv6 address enclosed in square brackets. Link-local and site-local IPv6 addresses must be accompanied by an interface identifier. See ipv6(7) for details on specifying raw IPv6 addresses.
The fstype field contains "nfs". Use of the "nfs4" fstype in /etc/fstab is deprecated.
Refer to mount(8) for a description of generic mount options available for all file systems. If you do not need to specify any mount options, use the generic option defaults in /etc/fstab.
These options are valid to use with any NFS version.
Use these options, along with the options in the above subsection, for NFS versions 2 and 3 only.
Use these options, along with the options in the first subsection above, for NFS version 4.0 and newer.
The nfs4 file system type is an old syntax for specifying NFSv4 usage. It can still be used with all NFSv4-specific and common options, excepted the nfsvers mount option.
If the mount command is configured to do so, all of the mount options described in the previous section can also be configured in the /etc/nfsmount.conf file. See nfsmount.conf(5) for details.
To mount using NFS version 3, use the nfs file system type and specify the nfsvers=3 mount option. To mount using NFS version 4, use either the nfs file system type, with the nfsvers=4 mount option, or the nfs4 file system type.
The following example from an /etc/fstab file causes the mount command to negotiate reasonable defaults for NFS behavior.
server:/export /mnt nfs defaults 0 0
This example shows how to mount using NFS version 4 over TCP with Kerberos 5 mutual authentication.
server:/export /mnt nfs4 sec=krb5 0 0
This example shows how to mount using NFS version 4 over TCP with Kerberos 5 privacy or data integrity mode.
server:/export /mnt nfs4 sec=krb5p:krb5i 0 0
This example can be used to mount /usr over NFS.
server:/export /usr nfs ro,nolock,nocto,actimeo=3600 0 0
This example shows how to mount an NFS server using a raw IPv6 link-local address.
[fe80::215:c5ff:fb3e:e2b1%eth0]:/export /mnt nfs defaults 0 0
NFS clients send requests to NFS servers via Remote Procedure Calls, or RPCs. The RPC client discovers remote service endpoints automatically, handles per-request authentication, adjusts request parameters for different byte endianness on client and server, and retransmits requests that may have been lost by the network or server. RPC requests and replies flow over a network transport.
In most cases, the mount(8) command, NFS client, and NFS server can automatically negotiate proper transport and data transfer size settings for a mount point. In some cases, however, it pays to specify these settings explicitly using mount options.
Traditionally, NFS clients used the UDP transport exclusively for transmitting requests to servers. Though its implementation is simple, NFS over UDP has many limitations that prevent smooth operation and good performance in some common deployment environments. Even an insignificant packet loss rate results in the loss of whole NFS requests; as such, retransmit timeouts are usually in the subsecond range to allow clients to recover quickly from dropped requests, but this can result in extraneous network traffic and server load.
However, UDP can be quite effective in specialized settings where the networks MTU is large relative to NFSs data transfer size (such as network environments that enable jumbo Ethernet frames). In such environments, trimming the rsize and wsize settings so that each NFS read or write request fits in just a few network frames (or even in a single frame) is advised. This reduces the probability that the loss of a single MTU-sized network frame results in the loss of an entire large read or write request.
TCP is the default transport protocol used for all modern NFS implementations. It performs well in almost every conceivable network environment and provides excellent guarantees against data corruption caused by network unreliability. TCP is often a requirement for mounting a server through a network firewall.
Under normal circumstances, networks drop packets much more frequently than NFS servers drop requests. As such, an aggressive retransmit timeout setting for NFS over TCP is unnecessary. Typical timeout settings for NFS over TCP are between one and ten minutes. After the client exhausts its retransmits (the value of the retrans mount option), it assumes a network partition has occurred, and attempts to reconnect to the server on a fresh socket. Since TCP itself makes network data transfer reliable, rsize and wsize can safely be allowed to default to the largest values supported by both client and server, independent of the network's MTU size.
This section applies only to NFS version 3 mounts since NFS version 4 does not use a separate protocol for mount requests.
The Linux NFS client can use a different transport for contacting an NFS server's rpcbind service, its mountd service, its Network Lock Manager (NLM) service, and its NFS service. The exact transports employed by the Linux NFS client for each mount point depends on the settings of the transport mount options, which include proto, mountproto, udp, and tcp.
The client sends Network Status Manager (NSM) notifications via UDP no matter what transport options are specified, but listens for server NSM notifications on both UDP and TCP. The NFS Access Control List (NFSACL) protocol shares the same transport as the main NFS service.
If no transport options are specified, the Linux NFS client uses UDP to contact the server's mountd service, and TCP to contact its NLM and NFS services by default.
If the server does not support these transports for these services, the mount(8) command attempts to discover what the server supports, and then retries the mount request once using the discovered transports. If the server does not advertise any transport supported by the client or is misconfigured, the mount request fails. If the bg option is in effect, the mount command backgrounds itself and continues to attempt the specified mount request.
When the proto option, the udp option, or the tcp option is specified but the mountproto option is not, the specified transport is used to contact both the server's mountd service and for the NLM and NFS services.
If the mountproto option is specified but none of the proto, udp or tcp options are specified, then the specified transport is used for the initial mountd request, but the mount command attempts to discover what the server supports for the NFS protocol, preferring TCP if both transports are supported.
If both the mountproto and proto (or udp or tcp) options are specified, then the transport specified by the mountproto option is used for the initial mountd request, and the transport specified by the proto option (or the udp or tcp options) is used for NFS, no matter what order these options appear. No automatic service discovery is performed if these options are specified.
If any of the proto, udp, tcp, or mountproto options are specified more than once on the same mount command line, then the value of the rightmost instance of each of these options takes effect.
Using NFS over UDP on high-speed links such as Gigabit can cause silent data corruption.
The problem can be triggered at high loads, and is caused by problems in IP fragment reassembly. NFS read and writes typically transmit UDP packets of 4 Kilobytes or more, which have to be broken up into several fragments in order to be sent over the Ethernet link, which limits packets to 1500 bytes by default. This process happens at the IP network layer and is called fragmentation.
In order to identify fragments that belong together, IP assigns a 16bit IP ID value to each packet; fragments generated from the same UDP packet will have the same IP ID. The receiving system will collect these fragments and combine them to form the original UDP packet. This process is called reassembly. The default timeout for packet reassembly is 30 seconds; if the network stack does not receive all fragments of a given packet within this interval, it assumes the missing fragment(s) got lost and discards those it already received.
The problem this creates over high-speed links is that it is possible to send more than 65536 packets within 30 seconds. In fact, with heavy NFS traffic one can observe that the IP IDs repeat after about 5 seconds.
This has serious effects on reassembly: if one fragment gets lost, another fragment from a different packet but with the same IP ID will arrive within the 30 second timeout, and the network stack will combine these fragments to form a new packet. Most of the time, network layers above IP will detect this mismatched reassembly - in the case of UDP, the UDP checksum, which is a 16 bit checksum over the entire packet payload, will usually not match, and UDP will discard the bad packet.
However, the UDP checksum is 16 bit only, so there is a chance of 1 in 65536 that it will match even if the packet payload is completely random (which very often isn't the case). If that is the case, silent data corruption will occur.
This potential should be taken seriously, at least on Gigabit Ethernet. Network speeds of 100Mbit/s should be considered less problematic, because with most traffic patterns IP ID wrap around will take much longer than 30 seconds.
It is therefore strongly recommended to use NFS over TCP where possible, since TCP does not perform fragmentation.
If you absolutely have to use NFS over UDP over Gigabit Ethernet, some steps can be taken to mitigate the problem and reduce the probability of corruption:
Some modern cluster file systems provide perfect cache coherence among their clients. Perfect cache coherence among disparate NFS clients is expensive to achieve, especially on wide area networks. As such, NFS settles for weaker cache coherence that satisfies the requirements of most file sharing types.
Typically file sharing is completely sequential. First client A opens a file, writes something to it, then closes it. Then client B opens the same file, and reads the changes.
When an application opens a file stored on an NFS version 3 server, the NFS client checks that the file exists on the server and is permitted to the opener by sending a GETATTR or ACCESS request. The NFS client sends these requests regardless of the freshness of the file's cached attributes.
When the application closes the file, the NFS client writes back any pending changes to the file so that the next opener can view the changes. This also gives the NFS client an opportunity to report write errors to the application via the return code from close(2).
The behavior of checking at open time and flushing at close time is referred to as close-to-open cache consistency, or CTO. It can be disabled for an entire mount point using the nocto mount option.
There are still opportunities for a client's data cache to contain stale data. The NFS version 3 protocol introduced "weak cache consistency" (also known as WCC) which provides a way of efficiently checking a file's attributes before and after a single request. This allows a client to help identify changes that could have been made by other clients.
When a client is using many concurrent operations that update the same file at the same time (for example, during asynchronous write behind), it is still difficult to tell whether it was that client's updates or some other client's updates that altered the file.
Use the noac mount option to achieve attribute cache coherence among multiple clients. Almost every file system operation checks file attribute information. The client keeps this information cached for a period of time to reduce network and server load. When noac is in effect, a client's file attribute cache is disabled, so each operation that needs to check a file's attributes is forced to go back to the server. This permits a client to see changes to a file very quickly, at the cost of many extra network operations.
Be careful not to confuse the noac option with "no data caching." The noac mount option prevents the client from caching file metadata, but there are still races that may result in data cache incoherence between client and server.
The NFS protocol is not designed to support true cluster file system cache coherence without some type of application serialization. If absolute cache coherence among clients is required, applications should use file locking. Alternatively, applications can also open their files with the O_DIRECT flag to disable data caching entirely.
NFS servers are responsible for managing file and directory timestamps (atime, ctime, and mtime). When a file is accessed or updated on an NFS server, the file's timestamps are updated just like they would be on a filesystem local to an application.
NFS clients cache file attributes, including timestamps. A file's timestamps are updated on NFS clients when its attributes are retrieved from the NFS server. Thus there may be some delay before timestamp updates on an NFS server appear to applications on NFS clients.
To comply with the POSIX filesystem standard, the Linux NFS client relies on NFS servers to keep a file's mtime and ctime timestamps properly up to date. It does this by flushing local data changes to the server before reporting mtime to applications via system calls such as stat(2).
The Linux client handles atime updates more loosely, however. NFS clients maintain good performance by caching data, but that means that application reads, which normally update atime, are not reflected to the server where a file's atime is actually maintained.
Because of this caching behavior, the Linux NFS client does not support generic atime-related mount options. See mount(8) for details on these options.
In particular, the atime/noatime, diratime/nodiratime, relatime/norelatime, and strictatime/nostrictatime mount options have no effect on NFS mounts.
/proc/mounts may report that the relatime mount option is set on NFS mounts, but in fact the atime semantics are always as described here, and are not like relatime semantics.
The Linux NFS client caches the result of all NFS LOOKUP requests. If the requested directory entry exists on the server, the result is referred to as a positive lookup result. If the requested directory entry does not exist on the server (that is, the server returned ENOENT), the result is referred to as negative lookup result.
To detect when directory entries have been added or removed on the server, the Linux NFS client watches a directory's mtime. If the client detects a change in a directory's mtime, the client drops all cached LOOKUP results for that directory. Since the directory's mtime is a cached attribute, it may take some time before a client notices it has changed. See the descriptions of the acdirmin, acdirmax, and noac mount options for more information about how long a directory's mtime is cached.
Caching directory entries improves the performance of applications that do not share files with applications on other clients. Using cached information about directories can interfere with applications that run concurrently on multiple clients and need to detect the creation or removal of files quickly, however. The lookupcache mount option allows some tuning of directory entry caching behavior.
Before kernel release 2.6.28, the Linux NFS client tracked only positive lookup results. This permitted applications to detect new directory entries created by other clients quickly while still providing some of the performance benefits of caching. If an application depends on the previous lookup caching behavior of the Linux NFS client, you can use lookupcache=positive.
If the client ignores its cache and validates every application lookup request with the server, that client can immediately detect when a new directory entry has been either created or removed by another client. You can specify this behavior using lookupcache=none. The extra NFS requests needed if the client does not cache directory entries can exact a performance penalty. Disabling lookup caching should result in less of a performance penalty than using noac, and has no effect on how the NFS client caches the attributes of files.
The NFS client treats the sync mount option differently than some other file systems (refer to mount(8) for a description of the generic sync and async mount options). If neither sync nor async is specified (or if the async option is specified), the NFS client delays sending application writes to the server until any of these events occur:
In other words, under normal circumstances, data written by an application may not immediately appear on the server that hosts the file.
If the sync option is specified on a mount point, any system call that writes data to files on that mount point causes that data to be flushed to the server before the system call returns control to user space. This provides greater data cache coherence among clients, but at a significant performance cost.
Applications can use the O_SYNC open flag to force application writes to individual files to go to the server immediately without the use of the sync mount option.
The Network Lock Manager protocol is a separate sideband protocol used to manage file locks in NFS version 3. To support lock recovery after a client or server reboot, a second sideband protocol -- known as the Network Status Manager protocol -- is also required. In NFS version 4, file locking is supported directly in the main NFS protocol, and the NLM and NSM sideband protocols are not used.
In most cases, NLM and NSM services are started automatically, and no extra configuration is required. Configure all NFS clients with fully-qualified domain names to ensure that NFS servers can find clients to notify them of server reboots.
NLM supports advisory file locks only. To lock NFS files, use fcntl(2) with the F_GETLK and F_SETLK commands. The NFS client converts file locks obtained via flock(2) to advisory locks.
When mounting servers that do not support the NLM protocol, or when mounting an NFS server through a firewall that blocks the NLM service port, specify the nolock mount option. NLM locking must be disabled with the nolock option when using NFS to mount /var because /var contains files used by the NLM implementation on Linux.
Specifying the nolock option may also be advised to improve the performance of a proprietary application which runs on a single client and uses file locks extensively.
The data and metadata caching behavior of NFS version 4 clients is similar to that of earlier versions. However, NFS version 4 adds two features that improve cache behavior: change attributes and file delegation.
The change attribute is a new part of NFS file and directory metadata which tracks data changes. It replaces the use of a file's modification and change time stamps as a way for clients to validate the content of their caches. Change attributes are independent of the time stamp resolution on either the server or client, however.
A file delegation is a contract between an NFS version 4 client and server that allows the client to treat a file temporarily as if no other client is accessing it. The server promises to notify the client (via a callback request) if another client attempts to access that file. Once a file has been delegated to a client, the client can cache that file's data and metadata aggressively without contacting the server.
File delegations come in two flavors: read and write. A read delegation means that the server notifies the client about any other clients that want to write to the file. A write delegation means that the client gets notified about either read or write accessors.
Servers grant file delegations when a file is opened, and can recall delegations at any time when another client wants access to the file that conflicts with any delegations already granted. Delegations on directories are not supported.
In order to support delegation callback, the server checks the network return path to the client during the client's initial contact with the server. If contact with the client cannot be established, the server simply does not grant any delegations to that client.
NFS servers control access to file data, but they depend on their RPC implementation to provide authentication of NFS requests. Traditional NFS access control mimics the standard mode bit access control provided in local file systems. Traditional RPC authentication uses a number to represent each user (usually the user's own uid), a number to represent the user's group (the user's gid), and a set of up to 16 auxiliary group numbers to represent other groups of which the user may be a member.
Typically, file data and user ID values appear unencrypted (i.e. "in the clear") on the network. Moreover, NFS versions 2 and 3 use separate sideband protocols for mounting, locking and unlocking files, and reporting system status of clients and servers. These auxiliary protocols use no authentication.
In addition to combining these sideband protocols with the main NFS protocol, NFS version 4 introduces more advanced forms of access control, authentication, and in-transit data protection. The NFS version 4 specification mandates support for strong authentication and security flavors that provide per-RPC integrity checking and encryption. Because NFS version 4 combines the function of the sideband protocols into the main NFS protocol, the new security features apply to all NFS version 4 operations including mounting, file locking, and so on. RPCGSS authentication can also be used with NFS versions 2 and 3, but it does not protect their sideband protocols.
The sec mount option specifies the security flavor used for operations on behalf of users on that NFS mount point. Specifying sec=krb5 provides cryptographic proof of a user's identity in each RPC request. This provides strong verification of the identity of users accessing data on the server. Note that additional configuration besides adding this mount option is required in order to enable Kerberos security. Refer to the rpc.gssd(8) man page for details.
Two additional flavors of Kerberos security are supported: krb5i and krb5p. The krb5i security flavor provides a cryptographically strong guarantee that the data in each RPC request has not been tampered with. The krb5p security flavor encrypts every RPC request to prevent data exposure during network transit; however, expect some performance impact when using integrity checking or encryption. Similar support for other forms of cryptographic security is also available.
The NFS version 4 protocol allows a client to renegotiate the security flavor when the client crosses into a new filesystem on the server. The newly negotiated flavor effects only accesses of the new filesystem.
Such negotiation typically occurs when a client crosses from a server's pseudo-fs into one of the server's exported physical filesystems, which often have more restrictive security settings than the pseudo-fs.
In NFS version 4, a lease is a period during which a server irrevocably grants a client file locks. Once the lease expires, the server may revoke those locks. Clients periodically renew their leases to prevent lock revocation.
After an NFS version 4 server reboots, each client tells the server about existing file open and lock state under its lease before operation can continue. If a client reboots, the server frees all open and lock state associated with that client's lease.
When establishing a lease, therefore, a client must identify itself to a server. Each client presents an arbitrary string to distinguish itself from other clients. The client administrator can supplement the default identity string using the nfs4.nfs4_unique_id module parameter to avoid collisions with other client identity strings.
A client also uses a unique security flavor and principal when it establishes its lease. If two clients present the same identity string, a server can use client principals to distinguish between them, thus securely preventing one client from interfering with the other's lease.
The Linux NFS client establishes one lease on each NFS version 4 server. Lease management operations, such as lease renewal, are not done on behalf of a particular file, lock, user, or mount point, but on behalf of the client that owns that lease. A client uses a consistent identity string, security flavor, and principal across client reboots to ensure that the server can promptly reap expired lease state.
When Kerberos is configured on a Linux NFS client (i.e., there is a /etc/krb5.keytab on that client), the client attempts to use a Kerberos security flavor for its lease management operations. Kerberos provides secure authentication of each client. By default, the client uses the host/ or nfs/ service principal in its /etc/krb5.keytab for this purpose, as described in rpc.gssd(8).
If the client has Kerberos configured, but the server does not, or if the client does not have a keytab or the requisite service principals, the client uses AUTH_SYS and UID 0 for lease management.
NFS clients usually communicate with NFS servers via network sockets. Each end of a socket is assigned a port value, which is simply a number between 1 and 65535 that distinguishes socket endpoints at the same IP address. A socket is uniquely defined by a tuple that includes the transport protocol (TCP or UDP) and the port values and IP addresses of both endpoints.
The NFS client can choose any source port value for its sockets, but usually chooses a privileged port. A privileged port is a port value less than 1024. Only a process with root privileges may create a socket with a privileged source port.
The exact range of privileged source ports that can be chosen is set by a pair of sysctls to avoid choosing a well-known port, such as the port used by ssh. This means the number of source ports available for the NFS client, and therefore the number of socket connections that can be used at the same time, is practically limited to only a few hundred.
As described above, the traditional default NFS authentication scheme, known as AUTH_SYS, relies on sending local UID and GID numbers to identify users making NFS requests. An NFS server assumes that if a connection comes from a privileged port, the UID and GID numbers in the NFS requests on this connection have been verified by the client's kernel or some other local authority. This is an easy system to spoof, but on a trusted physical network between trusted hosts, it is entirely adequate.
Roughly speaking, one socket is used for each NFS mount point. If a client could use non-privileged source ports as well, the number of sockets allowed, and thus the maximum number of concurrent mount points, would be much larger.
Using non-privileged source ports may compromise server security somewhat, since any user on AUTH_SYS mount points can now pretend to be any other when making NFS requests. Thus NFS servers do not support this by default. They explicitly allow it usually via an export option.
To retain good security while allowing as many mount points as possible, it is best to allow non-privileged client connections only if the server and client both require strong authentication, such as Kerberos.
A firewall may reside between an NFS client and server, or the client or server may block some of its own ports via IP filter rules. It is still possible to mount an NFS server through a firewall, though some of the mount(8) command's automatic service endpoint discovery mechanisms may not work; this requires you to provide specific endpoint details via NFS mount options.
NFS servers normally run a portmapper or rpcbind daemon to advertise their service endpoints to clients. Clients use the rpcbind daemon to determine:
The rpcbind daemon uses a well-known port number (111) to help clients find a service endpoint. Although NFS often uses a standard port number (2049), auxiliary services such as the NLM service can choose any unused port number at random.
Common firewall configurations block the well-known rpcbind port. In the absence of an rpcbind service, the server administrator fixes the port number of NFS-related services so that the firewall can allow access to specific NFS service ports. Client administrators then specify the port number for the mountd service via the mount(8) command's mountport option. It may also be necessary to enforce the use of TCP or UDP if the firewall blocks one of those transports.
Solaris allows NFS version 3 clients direct access to POSIX Access Control Lists stored in its local file systems. This proprietary sideband protocol, known as NFSACL, provides richer access control than mode bits. Linux implements this protocol for compatibility with the Solaris NFS implementation. The NFSACL protocol never became a standard part of the NFS version 3 specification, however.
The NFS version 4 specification mandates a new version of Access Control Lists that are semantically richer than POSIX ACLs. NFS version 4 ACLs are not fully compatible with POSIX ACLs; as such, some translation between the two is required in an environment that mixes POSIX ACLs and NFS version 4.
Generic mount options such as rw and sync can be modified on NFS mount points using the remount option. See mount(8) for more information on generic mount options.
With few exceptions, NFS-specific options are not able to be modified during a remount. The underlying transport or NFS version cannot be changed by a remount, for example.
Performing a remount on an NFS file system mounted with the noac option may have unintended consequences. The noac option is a combination of the generic option sync, and the NFS-specific option actimeo=0.
For mount points that use NFS versions 2 or 3, the NFS umount subcommand depends on knowing the original set of mount options used to perform the MNT operation. These options are stored on disk by the NFS mount subcommand, and can be erased by a remount.
To ensure that the saved mount options are not erased during a remount, specify either the local mount directory, or the server hostname and export pathname, but not both, during a remount. For example,
mount -o remount,ro /mnt
merges the mount option ro with the mount options already saved on disk for the NFS server mounted at /mnt.
Before 2.4.7, the Linux NFS client did not support NFS over TCP.
Before 2.4.20, the Linux NFS client used a heuristic to determine whether cached file data was still valid rather than using the standard close-to-open cache coherency method described above.
Starting with 2.4.22, the Linux NFS client employs a Van Jacobsen-based RTT estimator to determine retransmit timeout values when using NFS over UDP.
Before 2.6.0, the Linux NFS client did not support NFS version 4.
Before 2.6.8, the Linux NFS client used only synchronous reads and writes when the rsize and wsize settings were smaller than the system's page size.
The Linux client's support for protocol versions depend on whether the kernel was built with options CONFIG_NFS_V2, CONFIG_NFS_V3, CONFIG_NFS_V4, CONFIG_NFS_V4_1, and CONFIG_NFS_V4_2.
fstab(5), mount(8), umount(8), mount.nfs(5), umount.nfs(5), exports(5), nfsmount.conf(5), netconfig(5), ipv6(7), nfsd(8), sm-notify(8), rpc.statd(8), rpc.idmapd(8), rpc.gssd(8), rpc.svcgssd(8), kerberos(1)
RFC 768 for the UDP specification.
RFC 793 for the TCP specification.
RFC 1813 for the NFS version 3 specification.
RFC 1832 for the XDR specification.
RFC 1833 for the RPC bind specification.
RFC 2203 for the RPCSEC GSS API protocol specification.
RFC 7530 for the NFS version 4.0 specification.
RFC 5661 for the NFS version 4.1 specification.
RFC 7862 for the NFS version 4.2 specification.
| 9 October 2012 | x86_64 |